This study reports the concentrations of 15 pahs in 5 species of fish samples collected along the harbour line, mumbai, between 2006 and 2008. Analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons pahs in water. Ecological soil screening levels for polycyclic aromatic. Next we consider a class of hydrocarbons with molecular formulas like those of unsaturated hydrocarbons, but which, unlike the alkenes, do not readily undergo addition reactions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs are a group of more than 100 chemicals that are also called polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. They tend to adsorb onto soil and sediment thus, making them recalcitrant in the environment. Certain pah metabolites are believed to interact with dna, causing malignancies and heritable genetic damage. They also are produced when coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, and tobacco are burned.
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are lipophilic, nonpolar molecules. Isolation and fingerprinting of some highmolecularweight polynuclear aromatic compounds anders l. Contamination caused by petroleum hydrocarbon is a matter of worry because these are harmful for various life forms. By olusola solomon amodu, tunde victor ojumu and seteno karabo obed ntwampe. Degradation of a mixture of highmolecularweight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a mycobacterium strain pyr1. Journal of chromatography a 2011, 1218 39, 69226929. Metabolic activation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and inorganic constituents in ambient surface soils, chicago, illinois. Bacterial degradation of high molecular weight polynuclear.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various species of fishes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs are a class of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons pahs are carcinogenic compounds that are commonly found in the environment as a result of incomplete combustion of tobacco, tar, and fuels. Among 5 species of fish investigated, mandeli, coilia dussimieri, detected the maximum. Examples are naphthalene 1, which has two sixmembered rings, and acenaphthene 2, which has two sixmembered rings and one fivemembered ring. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with.
Polynuclear hydrocarbon accessscience from mcgrawhill. Bioavailability of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic. Impact of anaerobic conditions and microbial activity on. The first is an alphabetical list of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs discussed in the report and close chemical relatives, with molecular formulas and cas numbers. Biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology environmental biotechnology new approaches and prospective applications, pp. Source and control of hydrocarbon pollution intechopen. As this important class of molecules are virtually ignored in most chemistry programs, this book will be a strong addition to the work of anyone involved in any aspect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chemical carcinogenesis, and environmental pollution. Emission sources and recent progress in analytical chemistryvolume 2. While 2 and 3ring pahs are somewhat soluble in aqueous solution, the solubility decreases nearly logarithmically as molecular mass increases. Hightemperature cooking will form pahs in meat and in other. Environmental protection agency office of drinking water technical support division 5555 ridge road cincinnati, ohio 45268 published in environment international volume iv, 1980 february, 1981. Prior to use of this method, appropriate sample extraction techniques must be used. Complex mixture of a large range of high and low molecular weight hydrocarbons makes up the petroleum. Anacleto jf, ramaley l, benoit fm, boyd rk, quilliam ma 1995 comparison of liquidchromatography massspectrometry interfaces for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds.
Identification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by. Various columns were investigated with respect to the gas chromatographic analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons pahs having molecular weights that exceed 300. Crystal structures of fusedring aromatic hydrocarbons may be predicted from molecular structures using a model where carbon and hydrogen atoms in a molecule are designated stack and glide promoting solely on the basis of their topological connectivity. Biodegradation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria. The second is a list of structural formulas ordered according to structural complexity and ratings of carcinogenic activity. Lists of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polycyclic. Pahs are much more watersoluble and volatile than their high molecular weight counterparts, whereas the latter show higher hydrophobicity than the former mackay et al. The atomic weights of the elements found in organic substances are c 12. Establishing generic remediation goals for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environmental protection agency office of drinking water technical support division 5555 ridge road cincinnati, ohio 45268 published in environment international volume iv. Quantitative analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Quantification of 4 to 6ring polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor air. Gas chromatographic analysis of highmolecularweight.
It deals with exposure, uptake, metabolism, and detection of pah in the human body. Bioremediation of high molecular weight polycyclic. Pahs containing two or three fused benzene rings are classified as low molecular weight lmw pahs and are more water soluble while those with four or more benzene rings are referred to as high molecular weight hmw pahs. Vigorous reactions, sometimes amounting to explosions, can result from the contact between aromatic hydrocarbons and strong oxidizing agents. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons usually enter the air when released to the environment. Pacs are not only released from fossil fuels but also in cooked foods and other consumer goods, such as meat, from the high temperature grilling process as well as from incomplete combustion of other carboncontaining fuels such as tobacco, wood, coal, diesel. Juhasz al, britz ml, stanley ga 2000 bioremediation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This volume concerns sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pah, their emission factors, and relative importance.
Epa 610 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons mixture crm48743 certified reference material, in methanol. Purchase metabolic activation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 1st edition. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various species of. Method 5506, issue 3, dated 15 january 1998 page 4 of 9 niosh manual of analytical methods nmam, fourth edition c w w f w b b b f b b v, mgm3. Concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and. Journal of chromatography, 595 1992 247258 elsevier science publishers b. May 31, 2017 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs are a group of more than 100 chemicals that are also called polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The quantification of 4 to 6ring polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor air samples. Anacleto jf, ramaley l, benoit fm, boyd rk, quilliam ma 1995 comparison of liquidchromatography massspectrometry interfaces for the analysis of. High molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biodegradation by bacteria isolated from contaminated soils in nigeria. Low molecular weight pahs, with two to four aromatic hydrocarbon rings, are more potent as cocarcinogens during the promotional stage of cancer. The aromatic polynuclear hydrocarbons may be divided into two groups. Among 5 species of fish investigated, mandeli, coilia dussimieri, detected the maximum concentration of.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons national pollutant. This makes the pahs highly available for biodegradation. In humans, pahs are associated with cancers of the lung and skin, and possibly with urologic. Molecular weight 328 agneta bemg rd, anders colmsj and bengtove lundmark department of analytical chemistry, national institute of occupational health, s171 84, solna. Polynuclear aromatic compounds pacs, pahs supelco air. Set hplc according to manufacturers instructions, conditions on page 55061, and steps 14 and 15. Review of occurrences and treatment of polynuclear. Pahs are also known to exert acutely toxic effects andor possess mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic properties 18, 48,82. Impact of anaerobic conditions and microbial activity on the bioavailability of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils.
Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urine, benzoapyrene diol epoxidedna adducts in lymphocyte dna, and antibodies to the adducts in sera from coke oven workers exposed to measured amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the work atmosphere. Limited toxicological data are available on pah mixtures. Pahs, also known as polyarenes or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, are formed and released into the environment through natural and anthropogenic sources. Identification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by shpol. A 5 to 25ul aliquot of the extract is injected into. Pacs are not only released from fossil fuels but also in cooked foods and other consumer goods, such as meat, from the high temperature grilling process as well as from incomplete combustion of other carboncontaining fuels such as tobacco, wood, coal, diesel fuel, edible fats, and. Bioavailability of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using renewable resources. One such high molecular weight pah is benzo a pyrene bap, a fivering compound. They can react exothermically with bases and with diazo compounds. Crude oil contamination is common due to its extensive use and its related dumping process and accidental spills. Due to their lipophilic nature, pahs have a high potential for biomagnification through trophic transfers 21, 69, 98. In this stage, an initiated cell a cell that has retained a carcinogenic mutation in a key gene related to cell replication is removed from growthsuppressing signals from its neighboring cells and begins to clonally replicate. Volume 2 of handbook of polycyclic aromati volume 2 of handbook of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, thomas ramdahl. The title also covers the investigations of pahs as carcinogens and pollutants.
Determination of highmolecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high performance liquid chromatography fractions of coal tar standard reference material 1597a via solidphase nanoextraction and laserexcited timeresolved shpolskii spectroscopy. Environmental protection agency 57, 90, and bap is included as 1 of 12 target. Some evaporate into the air when released to soil or water. Biodegradation of highmolecularweight polycyclic aromatic. Bioavailability of high molecular weight polycyclic. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, high molecular weight. Quantitative analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in. Determination of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high performance liquid chromatography fractions of coal tar standard reference material 1597a via solidphase nanoextraction and laserexcited timeresolved shpolskii spectroscopy. Substitution at the benzene nucleus occurs by halogenation acid catalyst, nitration, sulfonation, and the friedelcrafts reaction. These compounds comprise a distinct class, called aromatic hydrocarbons. The molecular weight of a pure compound is determined from its chemical formula and the atomic weights of its elements. Some pahs are classified as priority pollutants by the u. Likewise, in aqueous environments, the low molecular weight pahs are partially dissolved. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants which have caused worldwide concerns as toxic pollutant.
Pahs generated from these sources can bind to or form small particles in the air. Analysis of coeluted isomers of highmolecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high performance liquid chromatography fractions via solidphase nanoextraction and timeresolved shpolskii spectroscopy. Table bl concentration of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in jet a fuel high sulfur concentration compound phenanthrene anthracene fluoranthene pyrene triphenylene chrysene benzoepyrene pph 2,700 250 45 64 4 3 9 analysis i 1 mggal 10,000. High molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. High temperature cooking will form pahs in meat and in other. Three of these columns were commercially available. Review of occurrences and treatment of polynuclear aromatic.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can break down by reacting with sunlight and other chemicals in the air, over a period of days to weeks. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons who guidelines for. Full text of bibliography on polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In the first, the rings are fused, which means that at least two carbon atoms are shared between adjacent rings. Analysis of highmolecularweight polycyclic aromatic.
Due to combustion of fossil fuels and organic waste, pahs are ubiquitous in the environment. Cannon, david graham, eric morton, and raymond bienert abstract polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon pah compounds are ubiquitous in ambient surface. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs factsheet national. Many regulatory methods exist for the analysis of these compounds in all kinds of samples, such as air, water, soil, and food. Among the columns tested, four columns differing in stationary phase composition were carefully evaluated. Highperformance liquid chromatographic separation of high. Molecular weight 328 agneta bemg rd, anders colmsj and bengtove lundmark department of analytical chemistry, national institute of occupational health, s171 84, solna sweden first received october.
The molecular weight of ethanol c 2 h 5 oh to calculate the molecular weight of. Analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons pahs in. They tend to persist in the environment because pahs are not very soluble in water. Analysis of coeluted isomers of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high performance liquid chromatography fractions via solidphase nanoextraction and timeresolved shpolskii spectroscopy. Nov 25, 2019 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are lipophilic, nonpolar molecules. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons cameo chemicals noaa. In this stage, an initiated cell a cell that has retained a carcinogenic mutation in a key gene related to cell replication is removed from growthsuppressing signals from its neighboring cells and. Since the low molecular weight pahs are semivolatile, they occur in the atmosphere as vapors and hence, highly prone to atmospheric degradation. Aromatic hydrocarbons are compounds that contain a benzene ring.